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Philip Cosgrave Grassland agronomist of Yara says: Slurry should be applied soon after harvesting and ahead of fertiliser.

A minimum of a week should be left between applications to minimise nitrous oxide emissions.

If no slurry is available, fertilisers should be spread immediately.

"Where nutrient applications are delayed a week, there will be a yield penalty of 5%. Slurry should be applied using low-emission spreading equipment, such as a trailing shoe or hose", Mr Cosgrave says.

He says: "This keeps slurry contamination on the grass to a minimum, but exercise caution with these methods if the cutting interval is tight or the slurry is thick".

Applying slurry in a different direction to previous applications prevents slurry residues from building up at the base of the sward.

When applying nitrogen fertiliser, always choose a product which contains sulphur because of the benefits it brings to yield and grass quality. A product such as Yara Mila NK Sulphur is ideally suited to making up potash shortfalls.

Trade-off

Whether making multi-cut or conventional silage, Volacs Business manager Peter Smith urges farmers to cut early in response tograss growth and weather, rather than the calendar date.

He says: "Cutting before heading is critical. Once the grass has gone to head, for everyday cutting is delayed, quality falls by 0.5 D units, which is equivalent to 1.5 litres of milk per cow per day, if cutting is delayed by one week".

Achieving the optimum dry matter (DM) while keeping wilting times short is a fine balance, he says. After mowing, grass continues respiring and can burn up around one-fifth of its sugar in the first 24 hours.

Wilting to 28-32% DM reduces effluent risk and the remaining sugars will be concentrated to aid fermentation.

Once harvested, ensiling promptly and rolling effectively to remove air will allow fermentation to start sooner, ensuring more sugars are retained.

Using an additive, such as Ecosyl 100, is proven to save sugars leading to improved intakes and animal performance.

Consistency

Correct setup of the mower, tedder and rake is essential to avoid inconsistency in chop length, insufficient conditioning and contamination.

This is according to Paul Niell, Advisor of Krone, who advises farmers to aim for a stubble length of 10cm.

He says: "Whether making silage in a conventional or multi-cut system, you are looking for a rapid wilt". 

A wide box-shaped swath is desirable to aid in picking up and to allow fast, even drying of the grass.

Set the conditioning plates at the most aggressive setting for young, leafy grass on a multi-cut system.

Ted out the grass as soon as possible, as if it sits in the swath, the top layer will start to dry out, leading to inconsistent DM values in the silage.

When first tedding the cut grass, set the tedder at the steepest pitch. If tedding the crop a second time, the angle could be flattened.

²ÝÁñÉçÇø should decide on the most suitable chop length following a discussion with their nutritionist, Mr Neill suggests, but achieving a consistent length is vital.

He says: "The blades on the harvesting equipment must be sharp and properly prepared ahead of cutting to ensure a uniform length to allow consolidation in the clamp".l

Clover

White and red clover will fix up to 180kg of nitrogen per hectare per year (72kg N/acre/year), saving on fertiliser costs, John Spence of Limagrain UK says.

Drilling or broadcasting clover see into a grass ley is an effective way of introducing it into a sward, but ensure the clover is not out-competed by grass. Sow clover in May or June when the soil temperature is above 10degC.

Drilling or broadcasting seed after first cut silage can work well, but harrow first to expose as much soil as possible to maximise seed-to-soil contact.

Red or large-leaved white clovers yield more in silage leys but are less persistent than smaller-leaved varieties, typically lasting three years.

Limagrain mixtures include a blend of clover varieties which give consistent yields throughout the season.

Clover seed is exceptionally small and difficult to broadcast or drill, so a pelleted clover product, such as Clover Plus, helps because it is twice the weight of untreated seed.

It is also coated with a nutrient treatment, Headstart Gold, which protects the seed until there is enough moisture for germination.

Campaign for Better Silage

Campaign for Better Silage is a new 2023 initiative brought to you by Krone, Sinclair McGill, Volac and Yara, offering advice to dairy farmers on how to navigate the inevitable grassland challenges 2023 will bring, as well as offering best practice guidance to ensure maximum production on every farm.

The exceptionally dry weather in 2022 has left many grassland farmers with a shortfall of silage and 2023 looks to set to be a particularly challenging season for many.

That said, some farmers did manage the 2022 season better than others and employed grassland techniques which have seen them finish the year with adequate stocks.

The continuing economic crisis, coupled with unquestionable changing weather patterns, means that identifying and sharing the techniques which produce the best results is going to be critical for the industry to embrace moving forward.

Watch the launch debate LAMMA 2023, below...