As the late November 鈥榮weet spot鈥� for applications of propyzamide approaches, growers are being warned that the herbicide could be lost if rising levels of leaching into water are not curbed.
Speaking at a British Crop Production Council weeds review meeting in Cambridge, Anglian Water senior agronomy adviser Richard Reynolds said the water company had come close to shutting down Grafham Water reservoir in Cambridgeshire, England鈥檚 third largest reservoir, because of propyzamide exceedances in water samples.
The herbicide is used for grass- and broad-leaved weed control in winter oilseed rape and winter beans.
Mr Reynolds said: 鈥淲e would normally only be doing that in terms of metaldehyde. What we are seeing is more and more big spikes [in propyzamide]. When those massive spikes come through, that is what overwhelms the treatment works.鈥�
Joe Martin, arable field technical manager with Corteva, which supplies propyzamide-based herbicides in its AstroKerb and Kerb Flo range, highlighted the optimum conditions for application of propyzamide and expressed concern over anecdotal reports that some growers and agronomists had applied the herbicide early this autumn.
Mr Martin said: 鈥淧ropyzamide works best when applied to cold, moist soils. The sweet spot for application tends to be around the end of November. Go too early 鈥� and there have been reports of growers going earlier this year 鈥� and soil temperatures are still relatively high and you are going to get very quick degradation and run out of persistency.鈥�
He also advised against the practice of double-dosing propyzamide, where an application is made slightly earlier than recommended in autumn, followed by a second spray in January.
Mr Martin said: 鈥淭hat is not something we would recommend. Ideally, apply one dose.鈥�
Propyzamide timing and dose rate trials
Corteva started a trials programme last autumn looking at spray application timing and propyzamide rates.
Three rates of propyzamide were applied in the trials in mid to high black-grass populations, across a range of application timings from early October through to the last two weeks of January.
Very early applications made at the beginning of October and even those made towards the end of the month did not give the required levels of black-grass control.
Mr Martin said: 鈥淚n terms of timing, that last week in November was the right timing.鈥�
Nor was sufficient control achieved with a 500g/hectare rate, he added. There was, however, little difference in the level of black-grass control achieved with 750g/ha and 840g/ha rates of propyzamide.
There was no increase in control from double-dosing compared to a single application, said Mr Martin.
鈥淵ou are wasting money and, by putting too much propyzamide on, are increasing the risk of leaching to water.鈥�
He also advised that Corteva has requested a label amendment for its propyzamide products, which is currently being considered by CRD, which would stipulate a maximum dose of propyzamide of 840g/ha per crop per year
Herbicide sequencing to manage the risk
Independent grass-weed expert Dr Stephen Moss shared details of trials he has been doing on behalf of UPL, Affinity Water and Anglian Water to reduce the amount of propyzamide getting into water by using herbicide clethodim (Centurion Max) in sequence with a reduced rate of propyzamide.
No compromise in black-grass control was seen where clethodim was applied followed by a 500g/hectare reduced rate of propyzamide, but a 91 per cent reduction in the amount of propyzamide in soil water was seen by dropping the propyzamide rate from 850g/ha to 500g/ha in a December application.
Dr Moss said: 鈥淲e have some evidence of reducing the amount of propyzamide leaching into water, but we want to do more work on that.
鈥淭his idea is not about saving money, but more about saving propyzamide.
鈥淭he simple truth is, if nothing happens, this problem increases and it is quite conceivable that propyzamide will be lost because of leaching to water.鈥�
